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<blockquote data-quote="genc_kalem" data-source="post: 180234" data-attributes="member: 15919"><p><strong>The authority of the sunnah</strong></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px">THE AUTHORITY OF THE SUNNAH</span></strong> </span></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This article provides a brief examination of the authority of the sunnah, which comprises a fundamental part of understanding Islam. In order to understand its importance, the literal meaning of the <em>sunnah</em> and its classification throughout Islamic history will be dealt with briefly. Since the first centuries, <em>sunnah</em> has been classified in various ways. However, two of these classifications are especially significant for the purposes of this article; the first one is the classification of the sunnah from the viewpoint of its subject matter (<em>matn</em>). This will be called <em>structural classification</em>. The second is the manner of its transmission (<em>isnad</em>). </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'">The Arabic word sunnah literally means "<em>road</em>", "<em>trodden path</em>" or "<em>beaten track<span style="color: #000080">1</span> This meaning is used in a hadith: "<em>Whoever sets a good example (man sanna sunnatan hasanaten) he and all those who act upon it shall be rewarded until the day of resurrection; and whoever sets a bad example (man sanna sunnatan sayyi'atan) he and all those who follow it will carry the burden of its blame until the day of resurrection</em>"<span style="color: #000080">2</span></em><em>In Islam, sunnah or the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), has come to represent the way Prophet Muhammad lived his life. Since he was sent as a blessing for all creation <em>(rahmah lil ‘alameen</em>),<span style="color: #000080">3</span>with an excellent conduct (<em>uswah hasanah</em>),<span style="color: #000080">4</span>and an excellent character (<em>khuluqin ‘azim</em>),<span style="color: #000080">5</span> the life of the Prophet is not only an ethical example, but also a source of legal proof alongside the Quran. In terms of its structure, the sunnah is divided into three types: verbal (<em>qawli</em>), actual (<em>fi‘li</em>) and tacitly approved (<em>taqriri</em>). The verbal sunnah consists of Prophet Muhammad's sayings on any subject, such as the hadith that states "actions are by intentions"<span style="color: #000080">6</span></em></span></span></p><p> </p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">The actual sunnah consists of Prophet Muhammad's actions, for example how he performed ablutions, ritual prayer or pilgrimage. Tacitly approved sunnah indicates all sayings and acts of the Companions which were approved or disapproved by the Prophet, such as described in the following instance: one of the Companions said that during a campaign he had had a wet dream in the night, but because of the extreme cold he had not taken a bath. Then he performed the <em>salah al-fajr</em> with <em>tayammum</em> and upon his return to Medina he related the story to the Prophet. Rasulallah (Messenger of Allah) laughed and did not say anything. Hence, it became an approval sunnah </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">7</span></span></span></em><em></em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Moreover, in terms of its transmission, the hadith is divided into <em>mutawatir</em> (consecutive hadith), <em>mashhur</em> (well-known hadith), and <em>ahad</em> (solitary hadîth). <em>Mutawâtir</em> <em>hadîth</em> means a report by a significant number of narrators at each level in the chain of narration that they cannot be expected to agree upon a lie, all of them together. The authority of <em>mutawatir hadith</em> is equivalent to that of the Quran. </span></span></em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Examples of <em>mutawatir</em> are the five daily prayers and the hadîth "<em>whoever invents a lie and attributes it to me intentionally, must prepare his seat in the Hell-fire</em>".</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">8</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">The second one, <em>mashhur</em> is defined as a hadith that was originally reported by only one or two Companions, but later became widely known (among the Companions' successors and the successors to the successors) and was narrated by an indefinite number of people. </span></span></em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">According to the Hanafî School of Law, acting upon the <em>mashhur</em> is obligatory, however, denying it does not amount to disbelief. Therefore the <em>mashhur</em> may qualify the general (<em>‘amm</em>) of the Quran. "<em>A murderer does not inherit</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">9</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">is an example of <em>mashhur hadith</em>. The third type is <em>ahad hadith</em> (also known as <em>khabar al-wahid</em>), which is one that has been narrated by people whose number (single person or individuals) does not reach that of the <em>mutawatir</em> case. The saying of the Prophet "<em>surely, Allah does not regard your forms (looks) nor your wealth, but He scans your hearts and activities</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">10</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> is an example of <em>ahad hadith</em></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">11</span></span></span> </em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">The majority of scholars have reached a consensus on the necessity of performance upon the<em> sahih hadith</em>. Moreover, since the first generations exemplified of the <em>sunnah</em> among the societies shows the actual consensus of the ummah (Islamic community). In addition, in the same way that other societies have been ordered to follow their prophets, the Muslim society has been ordered to follow Prophet Muhammad in various Quranic verses. In the following paragraphs the authority of his sunnah is examined in connection with some Quranic verses. </span></span></em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">"<em>He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">12</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">, "<em>Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and beware (of evil): if ye do turn back, you should know that it is Our Messenger's duty to proclaim (the message) in the clearest manner</em>".</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">13</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">In both these verses obedience to the Messenger is vitally ordered, and submission to him is declared to be equivalent to submission to Allah. As a matter of fact, religious duties are considered as an entirety. It is clear that without submission to the Prophet, duties of servanthood could not be performed and, without obeying him, obedience to Allah cannot be fulfilled. Compliance to the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad, therefore, is accepted as a criterion for the affection of Allah. In the Quran it is said that this affection can be shown merely by recognizing the authority of the sunnah: "<em>Say (O Muhammad, to mankind) ‘If you do love Allah, follow me; Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: Allah is Forgiving, Most Merciful'</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">14</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">. Thus, fondness and love between the servant and Allah and His forgiveness of people depends on allegiance to the Prophet and following the right way, which he has demonstrated to his ummah both with his life style and his sayings. </span></span></em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">The authority of the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad is one of the central concepts that are emphasized in the Quran when Prophet Muhammad is mentioned. This obedience to the Prophet is commended in many different verses as a sign of submission to Allah, and is a way of avoiding His wrath. For instance the following verse tells us: "<em>Take what the Messenger assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from you. And fear Allah. For Allah is strict in punishment</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">15</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">. According to this verse believers do not have the choice of rejecting what the messenger of Allah, who has been sent as blessing for all creations <em>(rahmah lil ‘alameen</em>), assigns to them. The Prophet also stresses this fact in the following hadith:"<em>none of you believes until his desire follows what I have brought.</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">16</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">There is only one way: obedience with inner calm. If the believers take the life style of the Prophet as an example and make efforts to live like him, ultimately they will be able to reach the consent of Allah. This is the purpose of the institution of prophethood. Refusing what the Prophet has ordered, on the other hand, means perversity and requires strict punishment by Allah. The verse reads clearly: "<em>It is not fitting for a believer, man or woman, when a matter has been decided by Allah and His Messenger to have any option about their decision: if any one disobeys Allah and His Messenger, he is indeed on a clearly wrong path</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">17</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">. </span></span></em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">In conclusion, the life of the Prophet is shown to be an excellent dynamic model for those who want the consent of Allah. As it is reported, the Prophet said, "<em>I have left two things among you. You shall not go astray so long as you hold on to them: the Book of Allah and my sunnah</em>"</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: #000080">18</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">.Rasulullah's sunnah, in other words, his life, is his inheritance and the love of the Prophet depends on claiming that legacy. </span></span></em></p><p> <em></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red"><a href="http://www.lastprophet.info" target="_blank"><strong>www.lastprophet.info</strong></a></span></span></span></em></p><p><em></em></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="genc_kalem, post: 180234, member: 15919"] [b]The authority of the sunnah[/b] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red][B][SIZE=5]THE AUTHORITY OF THE SUNNAH[/SIZE][/B] [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This article provides a brief examination of the authority of the sunnah, which comprises a fundamental part of understanding Islam. In order to understand its importance, the literal meaning of the [I]sunnah[/I] and its classification throughout Islamic history will be dealt with briefly. Since the first centuries, [I]sunnah[/I] has been classified in various ways. However, two of these classifications are especially significant for the purposes of this article; the first one is the classification of the sunnah from the viewpoint of its subject matter ([I]matn[/I]). This will be called [I]structural classification[/I]. The second is the manner of its transmission ([I]isnad[/I]). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [SIZE=4][FONT=Times New Roman]The Arabic word sunnah literally means "[I]road[/I]", "[I]trodden path[/I]" or "[I]beaten track[URL="javascript:void(0);"][COLOR=#000080]1[/COLOR][/URL] This meaning is used in a hadith: "[I]Whoever sets a good example (man sanna sunnatan hasanaten) he and all those who act upon it shall be rewarded until the day of resurrection; and whoever sets a bad example (man sanna sunnatan sayyi'atan) he and all those who follow it will carry the burden of its blame until the day of resurrection[/I]"[COLOR=#000080]2[/COLOR][/I][I]In Islam, sunnah or the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), has come to represent the way Prophet Muhammad lived his life. Since he was sent as a blessing for all creation [I](rahmah lil ‘alameen[/I]),[COLOR=#000080]3[/COLOR]with an excellent conduct ([I]uswah hasanah[/I]),[COLOR=#000080]4[/COLOR]and an excellent character ([I]khuluqin ‘azim[/I]),[COLOR=#000080]5[/COLOR] the life of the Prophet is not only an ethical example, but also a source of legal proof alongside the Quran. In terms of its structure, the sunnah is divided into three types: verbal ([I]qawli[/I]), actual ([I]fi‘li[/I]) and tacitly approved ([I]taqriri[/I]). The verbal sunnah consists of Prophet Muhammad's sayings on any subject, such as the hadith that states "actions are by intentions"[COLOR=#000080]6[/COLOR][/I][/FONT][/SIZE] [I][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT][/I] [I][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]The actual sunnah consists of Prophet Muhammad's actions, for example how he performed ablutions, ritual prayer or pilgrimage. Tacitly approved sunnah indicates all sayings and acts of the Companions which were approved or disapproved by the Prophet, such as described in the following instance: one of the Companions said that during a campaign he had had a wet dream in the night, but because of the extreme cold he had not taken a bath. Then he performed the [I]salah al-fajr[/I] with [I]tayammum[/I] and upon his return to Medina he related the story to the Prophet. Rasulallah (Messenger of Allah) laughed and did not say anything. Hence, it became an approval sunnah [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]7[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/I][I] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Moreover, in terms of its transmission, the hadith is divided into [I]mutawatir[/I] (consecutive hadith), [I]mashhur[/I] (well-known hadith), and [I]ahad[/I] (solitary hadîth). [I]Mutawâtir[/I] [I]hadîth[/I] means a report by a significant number of narrators at each level in the chain of narration that they cannot be expected to agree upon a lie, all of them together. The authority of [I]mutawatir hadith[/I] is equivalent to that of the Quran. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Examples of [I]mutawatir[/I] are the five daily prayers and the hadîth "[I]whoever invents a lie and attributes it to me intentionally, must prepare his seat in the Hell-fire[/I]".[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]8[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]The second one, [I]mashhur[/I] is defined as a hadith that was originally reported by only one or two Companions, but later became widely known (among the Companions' successors and the successors to the successors) and was narrated by an indefinite number of people. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]According to the Hanafî School of Law, acting upon the [I]mashhur[/I] is obligatory, however, denying it does not amount to disbelief. Therefore the [I]mashhur[/I] may qualify the general ([I]‘amm[/I]) of the Quran. "[I]A murderer does not inherit[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]9[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]is an example of [I]mashhur hadith[/I]. The third type is [I]ahad hadith[/I] (also known as [I]khabar al-wahid[/I]), which is one that has been narrated by people whose number (single person or individuals) does not reach that of the [I]mutawatir[/I] case. The saying of the Prophet "[I]surely, Allah does not regard your forms (looks) nor your wealth, but He scans your hearts and activities[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]10[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=4][FONT=Times New Roman] is an example of [I]ahad hadith[/I][/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]11[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]The majority of scholars have reached a consensus on the necessity of performance upon the[I] sahih hadith[/I]. Moreover, since the first generations exemplified of the [I]sunnah[/I] among the societies shows the actual consensus of the ummah (Islamic community). In addition, in the same way that other societies have been ordered to follow their prophets, the Muslim society has been ordered to follow Prophet Muhammad in various Quranic verses. In the following paragraphs the authority of his sunnah is examined in connection with some Quranic verses. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]"[I]He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]12[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4], "[I]Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and beware (of evil): if ye do turn back, you should know that it is Our Messenger's duty to proclaim (the message) in the clearest manner[/I]".[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]13[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]In both these verses obedience to the Messenger is vitally ordered, and submission to him is declared to be equivalent to submission to Allah. As a matter of fact, religious duties are considered as an entirety. It is clear that without submission to the Prophet, duties of servanthood could not be performed and, without obeying him, obedience to Allah cannot be fulfilled. Compliance to the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad, therefore, is accepted as a criterion for the affection of Allah. In the Quran it is said that this affection can be shown merely by recognizing the authority of the sunnah: "[I]Say (O Muhammad, to mankind) ‘If you do love Allah, follow me; Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: Allah is Forgiving, Most Merciful'[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]14[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]. Thus, fondness and love between the servant and Allah and His forgiveness of people depends on allegiance to the Prophet and following the right way, which he has demonstrated to his ummah both with his life style and his sayings. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]The authority of the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad is one of the central concepts that are emphasized in the Quran when Prophet Muhammad is mentioned. This obedience to the Prophet is commended in many different verses as a sign of submission to Allah, and is a way of avoiding His wrath. For instance the following verse tells us: "[I]Take what the Messenger assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from you. And fear Allah. For Allah is strict in punishment[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]15[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]. According to this verse believers do not have the choice of rejecting what the messenger of Allah, who has been sent as blessing for all creations [I](rahmah lil ‘alameen[/I]), assigns to them. The Prophet also stresses this fact in the following hadith:"[I]none of you believes until his desire follows what I have brought.[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]16[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]There is only one way: obedience with inner calm. If the believers take the life style of the Prophet as an example and make efforts to live like him, ultimately they will be able to reach the consent of Allah. This is the purpose of the institution of prophethood. Refusing what the Prophet has ordered, on the other hand, means perversity and requires strict punishment by Allah. The verse reads clearly: "[I]It is not fitting for a believer, man or woman, when a matter has been decided by Allah and His Messenger to have any option about their decision: if any one disobeys Allah and His Messenger, he is indeed on a clearly wrong path[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]17[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]In conclusion, the life of the Prophet is shown to be an excellent dynamic model for those who want the consent of Allah. As it is reported, the Prophet said, "[I]I have left two things among you. You shall not go astray so long as you hold on to them: the Book of Allah and my sunnah[/I]"[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=#000080]18[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4].Rasulullah's sunnah, in other words, his life, is his inheritance and the love of the Prophet depends on claiming that legacy. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red][URL="http://www.lastprophet.info"][B]www.lastprophet.info[/B][/URL][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [/I] [/QUOTE]
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