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The Science of Hadith
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<blockquote data-quote="genc_kalem" data-source="post: 180227" data-attributes="member: 15919"><p><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px"><span style="color: red">The Science of Hadith</span></span></strong> </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Sciences that have reached a certain level of development require the individual study of some of the subjects. The science of hadith (sayings of the Prophet) is a treasury of learning that demands such a study. Therefore, we believe it will be helpful if several of the existing disciplines in the science of hadith that are worth studying separately are presented; whether they are related to the text or if the chain of transmission is sound will not be investigated. </span></span></p><p></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">A. STUDY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE GENESIS OF EACH HADITH</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">The discipline of hadith aims to find out the reasons for the hadith, that is, the reason why each hadith was uttered by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). In the same way that it is very important to understand the <em>nuzul </em>(knowledge about the reason for the revelations) in order to understand the verses of Qur'an, it is also important to know the reasons for the hadith if one is to understand and assess them correctly. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Another aspect is that this discipline enlightens the chronology of the hadith as well. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">The reason for a hadith sometimes exists within the text of the hadith, as with the <em>jibril</em> hadith (, which was concerned with questions asked to Prophet Muhammad about the faith, Islam and beneficence. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Sometimes the reason can be found in the chain of narration. For example, in a famous hadith known as the Intention (<em>Niyyah</em>) hadith, the reason for the hadith was a question asked to the Prophet (pbuh) about the status of a man who had emigrated to Medina to marry Ummu Kays, a woman from Medina. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Suyuti (911/1505) wrote a work entitled <em>Al-Luma</em> concerned with this matter. <em>Al-Bayan</em><em> wa'l-ta`rif fi Asbab Vurud Al-Hadith Sharif </em>by Ibrahim bin Muhammed ad-Dimashki, also known as Ibn Hamza (1120/1708), is the most voluminous work about the reasons for hadith. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">B. STUDY OF THE GHARIB AL-HADITH (UNCOMMON WORDS)</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This discipline deals with explaining the use of unusual words in hadith texts. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">The subject of this discipline is to explain the words in hadith texts which are rarely used, and therefore, difficult to understand. This is a kind of hadith glossary, and provides a better understanding of the implicit meaning of the hadith. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Ignoring this significant branch constitutes a major fault in hadith science. Hence, Islamic scientists have attached importance to studying the uncommon words in hadith. When Ahmed bin Hanbel was asked about an uncommon word, he answered: "Go and ask it to the <em>gharib al-hadith </em>scientists. I don't like explaining Prophet's hadith based on assumptions." </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Thus, he indicated that explaining uncommon words requires expertise. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">To show the value of his work on uncommon words in hadiths, Abu Ubayd Kasım b. Sallam (224/839), one of the authors of the <em>gharib al-hadith</em>, stated that it had taken him forty years to write the book, and it was the most important work of his life. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Ebu Ubeyde Ma'mer b. Al-Musanna (210/825) was the author of the first book -a compendious tome - written in this field. Abu Ubayd Kasım b. Sallam (224/839) then wrote his famous <em>Gharib Al-hadith</em>, and Ibn Kutayba followed him. Zamahshari (538/1143) composed <em>al-Faik fi al--hadith al-gharib</em>. Additionally, Ibnu'1-Athir (606/1209) wrote the famous <em>an-Nihaye fi ghari</em><em>b</em><em> al-hadith.</em> </span></span></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">C. STUDY OF ILEL AL-HADITH (DEFICIENCIES)</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This discipline studies the hidden deficiencies found in hadiths which may harm the veracity of a hadith. Deficiencies can exist in the text or the chain, or in both. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Abdurrahman b. al-Mahdi was asked: "You are saying that a hadith is reliable, but you deny another hadith. How do you make such a claim?" He answered: </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">"Tell me, if you take your silver coins to a moneychanger and he tells you that one is pure silver, the other is fake, would you ask him how does he know? Or, would you accept whatever he tells you? This is a result of similarly long work, skill, art and expertise." </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Ali b. al-Madini (234/848), Ahmad b. Hanbal (241/855) Darekutni (375/985) Hakim al-Naysaburi (405/1014) and Ibnu'l-Jawzi (597/1200) wrote works in this field. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">D. STUDY OF AL-HADITH AL-MUHTELIF (RECONCILING THE CONTRADICTIONS OF HADITH)</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This discipline studies the contradictions of meaning in hadith. Some of the contradictions can be resolved, but some cannot. The solutions of such contradictions are subjects of this branch. Even contradictions between hadith and other proofs can be reconciled in this discipline. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This discipline has been identified as the most complicated branch of the science of hadith and it is so significant that every Islamic scientist should know it. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Imam Shafi 204/819), Ibn Kutayba (276/889), Ibn Huzayma (311/923), Tahavi (321/933) Ibn Furak (406/1015) wrote works in this field. Ismail Lütfi Çakan studied this subject in his doctoral dissertation and published it under the title "<em>Contradictions in Hadith and Solutions</em>." </span></span></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">E. STUDY OF THE NASIKH AND MANSUKH (ABROGATION) IN HADITH</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This is a discipline which studies contradictory hadiths that are not possible to reconcile. Although this method is a solution for reconciling contradictions in hadiths, it is studied as a separate discipline due to its importance. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">In almost every hadith book written there is information about this field. <em>Al</em><em>-Itibar fi an-nasah wa al-mansuk mama al-atsar </em>by Al-Hazimi is a well known work in this field. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">F. STUDY OF SHARH AL-HADITH (Commentary of the Hadith)</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Study of commentary on hadith is a discipline that aims to explain the intentions Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had when saying a hadith, to the extent permitted by the Arabic language and Islamic religious laws. This discipline includes rules that can be deducted from the texts of hadith in commentaries. It is a branch of <em>`Ilm dirayat al-hadith </em>that is based on <em>fiqh al-hadith </em>(comprehending hadith). </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">There are many commentaries in hadith books that vary in scope written by different Islamic scientists. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">G. STUDY OF ILM JARH WA TA’DIL (Verifying the reliability of transmitters)</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">In this discipline, the deficiencies and virtues of narrators are studied with special terms. That is, the validity and reliability of narrators are investigated. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This branch is the most developed one among the studies of the science of hadith. Since the time of the Companions of the Prophet, many hadith scholars have criticized and evaluated hadith based on the study of <em>jarh wa ta'dil</em>. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">Some authors have categorized the narrators based on the assessments of this discipline in their books. However, there are also some books in which the narrators are treated one by one, without any categorization. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red">H. STUDY OF TRANSMITTERS OF HADITH</span></span></span></strong></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px">This discipline introduces the transmitters in terms of narration of hadiths. In one sense, this discipline is the history of the narrators. It subsumes biographies, categories of narrators, etc. <em>Tarih</em> by Bukhari and <em>Kitab at-Tabaqat</em> by Ibn Sa'd are among the important works in this discipline. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red"><strong>Ismail Lutfi Cakan, PhD</strong></span></span></span></p><p><a href="http://www.lastprophet.info" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size: 15px"><span style="color: red"><strong>www.lastprophet.info</strong></span></span></span></a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="genc_kalem, post: 180227, member: 15919"] [SIZE=4][FONT=Times New Roman][B][SIZE=5][COLOR=red]The Science of Hadith[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B] [/FONT][/SIZE] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Sciences that have reached a certain level of development require the individual study of some of the subjects. The science of hadith (sayings of the Prophet) is a treasury of learning that demands such a study. Therefore, we believe it will be helpful if several of the existing disciplines in the science of hadith that are worth studying separately are presented; whether they are related to the text or if the chain of transmission is sound will not be investigated. [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]A. STUDY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE GENESIS OF EACH HADITH[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]The discipline of hadith aims to find out the reasons for the hadith, that is, the reason why each hadith was uttered by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). In the same way that it is very important to understand the [I]nuzul [/I](knowledge about the reason for the revelations) in order to understand the verses of Qur'an, it is also important to know the reasons for the hadith if one is to understand and assess them correctly. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Another aspect is that this discipline enlightens the chronology of the hadith as well. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]The reason for a hadith sometimes exists within the text of the hadith, as with the [I]jibril[/I] hadith (, which was concerned with questions asked to Prophet Muhammad about the faith, Islam and beneficence. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Sometimes the reason can be found in the chain of narration. For example, in a famous hadith known as the Intention ([I]Niyyah[/I]) hadith, the reason for the hadith was a question asked to the Prophet (pbuh) about the status of a man who had emigrated to Medina to marry Ummu Kays, a woman from Medina. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Suyuti (911/1505) wrote a work entitled [I]Al-Luma[/I] concerned with this matter. [I]Al-Bayan[/I][I] wa'l-ta`rif fi Asbab Vurud Al-Hadith Sharif [/I]by Ibrahim bin Muhammed ad-Dimashki, also known as Ibn Hamza (1120/1708), is the most voluminous work about the reasons for hadith. [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]B. STUDY OF THE GHARIB AL-HADITH (UNCOMMON WORDS)[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This discipline deals with explaining the use of unusual words in hadith texts. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]The subject of this discipline is to explain the words in hadith texts which are rarely used, and therefore, difficult to understand. This is a kind of hadith glossary, and provides a better understanding of the implicit meaning of the hadith. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Ignoring this significant branch constitutes a major fault in hadith science. Hence, Islamic scientists have attached importance to studying the uncommon words in hadith. When Ahmed bin Hanbel was asked about an uncommon word, he answered: "Go and ask it to the [I]gharib al-hadith [/I]scientists. I don't like explaining Prophet's hadith based on assumptions." [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Thus, he indicated that explaining uncommon words requires expertise. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]To show the value of his work on uncommon words in hadiths, Abu Ubayd Kasım b. Sallam (224/839), one of the authors of the [I]gharib al-hadith[/I], stated that it had taken him forty years to write the book, and it was the most important work of his life. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Ebu Ubeyde Ma'mer b. Al-Musanna (210/825) was the author of the first book -a compendious tome - written in this field. Abu Ubayd Kasım b. Sallam (224/839) then wrote his famous [I]Gharib Al-hadith[/I], and Ibn Kutayba followed him. Zamahshari (538/1143) composed [I]al-Faik fi al--hadith al-gharib[/I]. Additionally, Ibnu'1-Athir (606/1209) wrote the famous [I]an-Nihaye fi ghari[/I][I]b[/I][I] al-hadith.[/I] [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]C. STUDY OF ILEL AL-HADITH (DEFICIENCIES)[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This discipline studies the hidden deficiencies found in hadiths which may harm the veracity of a hadith. Deficiencies can exist in the text or the chain, or in both. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Abdurrahman b. al-Mahdi was asked: "You are saying that a hadith is reliable, but you deny another hadith. How do you make such a claim?" He answered: [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]"Tell me, if you take your silver coins to a moneychanger and he tells you that one is pure silver, the other is fake, would you ask him how does he know? Or, would you accept whatever he tells you? This is a result of similarly long work, skill, art and expertise." [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Ali b. al-Madini (234/848), Ahmad b. Hanbal (241/855) Darekutni (375/985) Hakim al-Naysaburi (405/1014) and Ibnu'l-Jawzi (597/1200) wrote works in this field. [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]D. STUDY OF AL-HADITH AL-MUHTELIF (RECONCILING THE CONTRADICTIONS OF HADITH)[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This discipline studies the contradictions of meaning in hadith. Some of the contradictions can be resolved, but some cannot. The solutions of such contradictions are subjects of this branch. Even contradictions between hadith and other proofs can be reconciled in this discipline. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This discipline has been identified as the most complicated branch of the science of hadith and it is so significant that every Islamic scientist should know it. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Imam Shafi 204/819), Ibn Kutayba (276/889), Ibn Huzayma (311/923), Tahavi (321/933) Ibn Furak (406/1015) wrote works in this field. Ismail Lütfi Çakan studied this subject in his doctoral dissertation and published it under the title "[I]Contradictions in Hadith and Solutions[/I]." [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]E. STUDY OF THE NASIKH AND MANSUKH (ABROGATION) IN HADITH[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This is a discipline which studies contradictory hadiths that are not possible to reconcile. Although this method is a solution for reconciling contradictions in hadiths, it is studied as a separate discipline due to its importance. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]In almost every hadith book written there is information about this field. [I]Al[/I][I]-Itibar fi an-nasah wa al-mansuk mama al-atsar [/I]by Al-Hazimi is a well known work in this field. [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]F. STUDY OF SHARH AL-HADITH (Commentary of the Hadith)[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Study of commentary on hadith is a discipline that aims to explain the intentions Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had when saying a hadith, to the extent permitted by the Arabic language and Islamic religious laws. This discipline includes rules that can be deducted from the texts of hadith in commentaries. It is a branch of [I]`Ilm dirayat al-hadith [/I]that is based on [I]fiqh al-hadith [/I](comprehending hadith). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]There are many commentaries in hadith books that vary in scope written by different Islamic scientists. [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]G. STUDY OF ILM JARH WA TA’DIL (Verifying the reliability of transmitters)[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]In this discipline, the deficiencies and virtues of narrators are studied with special terms. That is, the validity and reliability of narrators are investigated. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This branch is the most developed one among the studies of the science of hadith. Since the time of the Companions of the Prophet, many hadith scholars have criticized and evaluated hadith based on the study of [I]jarh wa ta'dil[/I]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]Some authors have categorized the narrators based on the assessments of this discipline in their books. However, there are also some books in which the narrators are treated one by one, without any categorization. [/SIZE][/FONT] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][COLOR=red][/COLOR][/FONT][/B] [B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red]H. STUDY OF TRANSMITTERS OF HADITH[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4]This discipline introduces the transmitters in terms of narration of hadiths. In one sense, this discipline is the history of the narrators. It subsumes biographies, categories of narrators, etc. [I]Tarih[/I] by Bukhari and [I]Kitab at-Tabaqat[/I] by Ibn Sa'd are among the important works in this discipline. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red][B]Ismail Lutfi Cakan, PhD[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [URL="http://www.lastprophet.info"][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=4][COLOR=red][B]www.lastprophet.info[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/URL] [/QUOTE]
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